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  Story Analyzer - House Impeachment Report - Exec Summary Section 1 (pp. 12-27)

      see https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/the_trump-ukraine_impeachment_inquiry_report.pdf
Narrative

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The impeachment inquiry into Donald J. Trump, the 45th President of the United States, uncovered a months-long effort by President Trump to use the powers of his office to solicit foreign interference on his behalf in the 2020 election.
As described in this executive summary and the report that follows, President Trump 's scheme subverted U.S. foreign policy toward Ukraine and undermined our national security in favor of two politically motivated investigations that would help his presidential reelection campaign. The President demanded that the newly elected Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelensky, publicly announce investigations into a political rival that he apparently feared the most, former Vice President Joe Biden, and into a discredited theory that it was Ukraine, not Russia, that interfered in the 2016 presidential election. To compel the Ukrainian President to do his political bidding, President Trump conditioned two official acts on the public announcement of the investigations: a coveted White House visit and critical U.S. military assistance Ukraine needed to fight its Russian adversary.

During a July 25, 2019, call between President Trump and President Zelensky, President Zelensky expressed gratitude for U.S. military assistance.
President Trump immediately responded by asking President Zelensky to" do us a favor though'' and openly pressed for Ukraine to investigate former Vice President Biden and the 2016 conspiracy theory. In turn, President Zelensky assured President Trump that he would pursue the investigation and reiterated his interest in the White House meeting. Although President Trump 's scheme intentionally bypassed many career personnel, it was undertaken with the knowledge and approval of senior Administration officials, including the President 's Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry. In fact, at a press conference weeks after public revelations about the scheme, Mr. Mulvaney publicly acknowledged that the President directly tied the hold on military aid to his desire to get Ukraine to conduct a political investigation, telling Americans to" get over it.''

President Trump and his senior officials may see nothing wrong with using the power of the Office of the President to pressure a foreign country to help the President 's reelection campaign.
Indeed, President Trump continues to encourage Ukraine and other foreign countries to engage in the same kind of election interference today. However, the Founding Fathers prescribed a remedy for a chief executive who places his personal interests above those of the country: impeachment. Accordingly, as part of the House of Representatives ' impeachment inquiry, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, in coordination with the Committees on Oversight and Reform and Foreign Affairs, was compelled to undertake a serious, sober, and expeditious investigation into whether the President 's misconduct warrants that remedy.

In response, President Trump engaged in an unprecedented campaign of obstruction of this impeachment inquiry.
Nevertheless, due in large measure to patriotic and courageous public servants who provided the Committees with direct evidence of the President 's actions, the Committees uncovered significant misconduct on the part of the President of the United States. As required under House Resolution 660, the Intelligence Committee, in consultation with the Committees on Oversight and Reform and Foreign Affairs, has prepared this report to detail the evidence uncovered to date, which will now be transmitted to the Judiciary Committee for its consideration.

SECTION I-- THE PRESIDENT 'S MISCONDUCT


The President Conditioned a White House Meeting and Military Aid to Ukraine on a Public Announcement of Investigations Beneficial to his Reelection Campaign


The President 's Request for a Political Favor
On the morning of July 25, 2019, President Donald Trump settled in to the White House Executive Residence to join a telephone call with President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine. It had been more than three months since President Zelensky, a political neophyte, had been swept into office in a landslide victory on a platform of rooting out corruption and ending the war between his country and Russia. The day of his election, April 21, President Zelensky spoke briefly with President Trump, who had called to congratulate him and invite him to a visit at the White House. As of July 25, no White House meeting had materialized.

As is typical for telephone calls with other heads of state, staff members from the National Security Council( NSC) convened in the White House Situation Room to listen to the call and take notes, which would later be compiled into a memorandum that would constitute the U.S. government 's official record of the call.
NSC staff had prepared a standard package of talking points for the President based on official U.S. policy. The talking points included recommendations to encourage President Zelensky to continue to promote anti-corruption reforms in Ukraine, a pillar of American foreign policy in the country as far back as its independence in the 1990s when Ukraine first rid itself of Kremlin control.

This call would deviate significantly from that script.
Shortly before he was patched through to President Zelensky, President Trump spoke with Gordon Sondland, who had $ 1 million to President Trump 's 2016 presidential inauguration and whom the President had appointed as the United States Ambassador to the European Union.

Ambassador Sondland had helped lay the groundwork for a very different kind of call between the two Presidents.
Ambassador Sondland had relayed a message to President Zelensky six days earlier that" assurances to run a fully transparent investigation'' and" turn over every stone'' were necessary in his call with President Trump. Ambassador Sondland understood these phrases to refer to two investigations politically beneficial to the President 's reelection campaign: one into former Vice President Joe Biden and a Ukrainian gas company called Burisma, of which his son sat on the board, and the other into a discredited conspiracy theory alleging that Ukraine, not Russia, interfered in the 2016 U.S. election. The allegations about Vice President Biden were without evidence, and the U.S. Intelligence Community had unanimously determined that Russia, not Ukraine, interfered in the 2016 election to help the candidacy of Donald Trump. Despite the falsehoods, Ambassador Sondland would make it clear to Ukrainian officials that the public announcement of these investigations was a prerequisite for the coveted White House meeting with President Trump, an effort that would help the President 's reelection campaign.

The White House meeting was not the only official act that President Trump conditioned on the announcement of these investigations.
Several weeks before his phone call with President Zelensky, President Trump ordered a hold on nearly$ 400 million of congressionally-appropriated security assistance to Ukraine that provided Kyiv essential support as it sought to repel Russian forces that were occupying Crimea and inflicting casualties in the eastern region of the country. The President 's decision to freeze the aid, made without explanation, sent shock waves through the Department of Defense( DOD), the Department of State, and the NSC, which uniformly supported providing this assistance to our strategic partner. Although the suspension of aid had not been made public by the day of the call between the two Presidents, officials at the Ukrainian embassy in Washington had already asked American officials about the status of the vital military assistance.

At the outset of the conversation on July 25, President Zelensky thanked President Trump for the" great support in the area of defense'' provided by the United States to date.
He then indicated that Ukraine would soon be prepared to purchase additional Javelin anti-tank missiles from the United States as part of this defense cooperation. President Trump immediately responded with his own request:" I would like you to do us a favor though,'' which was" to find out what happened'' with alleged Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election.

President Trump then asked President Zelensky" to look into'' former Vice President Biden 's role in encouraging Ukraine to remove a prosecutor widely viewed by the United States and numerous European partners to be corrupt.
In so doing, President Trump gave currency to a baseless allegation that Vice President Biden wanted to remove the corrupt prosecutor because he was investigating Burisma, a company on whose board the Vice President 's son sat at the time.

Over the course of the roughly thirty-minute call, President Trump repeated these false allegations and pressed the Ukrainian President to consult with his personal attorney, Rudy Giuliani, who had been publicly advocating for months for Ukraine to initiate these specific investigations.
President Zelensky promised that he would" work on the investigation of the case.'' Later in the call, he thanked President Trump for his invitation to join him at the White House, following up immediately with a comment that,"[ o] n the other hand,'' he would" ensure'' that Ukraine pursued" the investigation'' that President Trump had requested.

During the call, President Trump also disparaged Marie Yovanovitch, the former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, who championed anti-corruption reforms in the country, and whom President Trump had unceremoniously removed months earlier following a smear campaign waged against her by Mr. Giuliani and others.
President Trump claimed that she was" bad news'' and was" going to go through some things.'' He praised the current prosecutor at the time, who was widely viewed as corrupt and who helped initiate the smear campaign against her, calling him" very good'' and" very fair.''

Hearing the call as it transpired, several White House staff members became alarmed.
Far from giving the" full-throated endorsement of the Ukraine reform agenda'' that had been hoped for, the President instead demanded a political investigation into an American-- the presidential candidate he evidently feared most, Joe Biden.

Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Vindman, an NSC staff member responsible for Ukraine policy who listened to the call, immediately reported his concerns to NSC lawyers.
His supervisor, NSC Senior Director for Europe and Russia Timothy Morrison, also reported the call to the lawyers, worrying that the call would be" damaging'' if leaked publicly. In response, the lawyers placed the memorandum summarizing the call onto a highly classified server, significantly limiting access to the materials.

The call record would not remain hidden forever.
On September 25, 2019, facing immense public pressure to reveal the contents of the call and following the announcement the previous day of a formal impeachment inquiry in the House of Representatives into President Trump 's actions toward Ukraine, the White House publicly released the memorandum of the July 25 call.

The record of the call would help explain for those involved in Ukraine policy in the U.S. government, the Congress, and the public why President Trump, his personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani, his hand-picked appointees in charge of Ukraine issues, and various senior Administration officials would go to great lengths to withhold a coveted White House meeting and critical military aid from Ukraine at a time when it served as a bulwark against Russian aggression in Europe.


The answer was as simple as it was inimical to our national security and election integrity: the President was withholding officials acts while soliciting something of value to his reelection campaign-- an investigation into his political rival.
The story of that scheme follows.

* * *


The President Removed Anti-Corruption Champion Ambassador Yovanovitch
On April 24, 2019, President Trump abruptly called back to Washington the United States Ambassador to Ukraine, Marie" Masha'' Yovanovitch, after a ruthless smear campaign was waged against her. She was known throughout Ukraine and among her peers for aggressively advocating for anti-corruption reforms consistent with U.S. foreign policy and only recently had been asked to extend her stay in Ukraine. Her effectiveness in anti-corruption efforts earned her enemies in Kyiv and in Washington. As Deputy Assistant Secretary of State George Kent testified in praising Ambassador Yovanovitch:" You ca n't promote principled anticorruption action without pissing off corrupt people.''

Beginning on March 20, The Hill newspaper published several op-eds attacking Ambassador Yovanovitch and former Vice President Joe Biden, relying on information from a Ukrainian prosecutor, Yuriy Lutsenko, who was widely viewed to be corrupt.
Mr. Lutsenko had served as the chief prosecutor in Ukraine under the then-incumbent president who lost to Volodymyr Zelensky in April 2019. Although he would later recant many of his allegations, Mr. Lutsenko falsely accused Ambassador Yovanovitch of speaking negatively about President Trump and giving Mr. Lutsenko a" do-not-prosecute list.''

The attacks against Ambassador Yovanovitch were amplified by prominent, close allies of President Trump, including Mr. Giuliani and his associates, Sean Hannity, and Donald Trump Jr..
President Trump tweeted the smears himself just a month before he recalled the Ambassador from Ukraine. In the face of attacks driven by Mr. Lutsenko and the President 's allies, Ambassador Yovanovitch and other senior State Department officials asked Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to issue a statement of support for her and for the U.S. Embassy in Ukraine. The Secretary declined, fearing that President Trump might publicly undermine those efforts, possibly through a tweet.

Following a ceremony in which she presented an award of courage to the family of a young female anti-corruption activist killed in Ukraine for her work, Ambassador Yovanovitch received an urgent call from the State Department regarding her" security,'' and imploring her to take the first plane back to Washington.
When she arrived, she was informed that she had done nothing wrong, but that the President had lost confidence in her. She was told to leave her post as soon as possible. In her place, the President would designate three new agents to spearhead Ukraine policy, political appointees far more willing to engage in an improper" domestic political errand'' than an ambassador known for her efforts to fight corruption.

The President 's Hand-Picked Agents Began the Scheme


Just three days before Ambassador Yovanovitch 's abrupt recall to Washington, President Trump had his first telephone call with President-elect Zelensky.
During that conversation, President Trump congratulated the Ukrainian leader on his victory, complimented him on his country 's Miss Universe Pageant contestants, and invited him to visit the White House. A White House meeting would help demonstrate the United States ' strong support for Ukraine as it fought a hot war with Russia and attempted to negotiate an end to the conflict with Russian President Vladimir Putin, as well as to bolster President-elect Zelensky 's standing with his own people as he sought to deliver on his promised anti-corruption agenda. Although the White House 's public summary of the call included some discussion of a commitment to" root out corruption,'' President Trump did not mention corruption at all.

Shortly after the conversation, President Trump asked Vice President Mike Pence to attend President Zelensky 's inauguration.
Vice President Pence confirmed directly to President Zelensky his intention to attend during a phone conversation on April 23, and Vice President Pence 's staff and the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv began preparations for the trip.

At the same time, President Trump 's personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani, intensified his campaign to pressure Ukraine 's newly-elected President to initiate investigations into Joe Biden, who had officially entered the race for the Democratic nomination on April 25, and the baseless conspiracy theory about Ukrainian interference in the 2016 election.
On May 9, the New York Times published an article in which Mr. Giuliani declared that he intended to travel to Ukraine on behalf of his client, President Trump, in order to meddle in an investigation. After public backlash, Mr. Giuliani canceled the trip, blaming" some bad people'' around President Zelensky. Days later, President Trump rescinded the plans for Vice President Pence to attend President Zelensky 's inauguration, which had not yet been scheduled. The staff member planning the trip was not provided an explanation for the about-face, but staff in the U.S. Embassy in Kyiv were disappointed that President Zelensky would not receive a" high level'' show of support from the United States.

In Vice President Pence 's stead, Secretary of Energy Rick Perry led the American delegation to the Ukrainian President 's inauguration.
Ambassador Sondland, Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations Ambassador Kurt Volker, and Lt. Col. Vindman also attended. In comments that would foreshadow troubling events to come, Lt. Col. Vindman warned President Zelensky to stay out of U.S. domestic politics to avoid jeopardizing the bipartisan support Ukraine enjoyed in Congress.

The delegation returned to the United States impressed with President Zelensky, especially his focus on anti-corruption reforms.
Ambassador Sondland quickly organized a meeting with President Trump in the Oval Office on May 23, attended by most of the other members of the delegation. The three political appointees, who would describe themselves as the" Three Amigos,'' relayed their positive impression of President Zelensky to President Trump and encouraged him to schedule the Oval Office meeting he promised in his April 21 phone call with the new leader.

President Trump reacted poorly to the suggestion, claiming that Ukraine" tried to take me down'' in 2016.
In order to schedule a White House visit for President Zelensky, President Trump told the delegation that they would have to" talk to Rudy.'' Ambassador Sondland testified that he understood the President 's instruction to be a directive to work with Mr. Giuliani if they hoped to advance relations with Ukraine. President Trump directed the three senior U.S. government officials to assist Mr. Giuliani 's efforts, which, it would soon become clear, were exclusively for the benefit of the President 's reelection campaign.

As the Three Amigos were given responsibility over the U.S. government 's Ukraine portfolio, Bill Taylor, a former Ambassador to Ukraine, was considering whether to come out of retirement to accept a request to succeed Ambassador Yovanovitch in Kyiv.
As of May 26, Ambassador Taylor was" still struggling with the decision,'' and, in particular, whether anyone can" hope to succeed with the Giuliani-Biden issue swirling.'' After receiving assurances from Secretary Pompeo that U.S. policy toward Ukraine would not change, Ambassador Taylor accepted the position and arrived in Kyiv on June 17. Ambassador Taylor would quickly come to observe an" irregular channel'' led by Mr. Giuliani that, over time, began to undermine the official channel of diplomatic relations with Ukraine. Mr. Giuliani would prove to be, as the President 's National Security Advisor Ambassador John Bolton would tell a colleague, a" hand grenade that was going to blow everyone up.''

The President Froze Vital Military Assistance


For fiscal year 2019, Congress appropriated and authorized$ 391 million in security assistance to Ukraine:$ 250 million in funds administered by DOD and$ 141 million in funds administered by the State Department.
On June 18, DOD issued a press release announcing its intention to provide$ 250 million in taxpayer-funded security assistance to Ukraine following the certification that all legitimate conditions on the aid, including anti-corruption reforms, had been met. Shortly after this announcement, however, both the Office of Management and Budget( OMB) and DOD received inquiries from the President related to the funds. At that time, and throughout the next few months, support for Ukraine security assistance was overwhelming and unanimous among all of the relevant agencies and within Congress.

By July 3, OMB blocked a Congressional notification which would have cleared the way for the release of$ 141 million in State Department security assistance funds.
By July 12, President Trump had placed a hold on all military support funding for Ukraine. On July 18, OMB announced the hold to all of the relevant agencies and indicated that it was directed by the President. No other reason was provided.

During a series of policy meetings involving increasingly senior officials, the uniform and consistent position of all policymaking agencies supported the release of funding.
Ukraine experts at DOD, the State Department, and the NSC argued that it was in the national security interest of the United States to continue to support Ukraine. As Mr. Morrison testified," The United States aids Ukraine and her people so that they can fight Russia over there, and we do n't have to fight Russia here.'' Agency officials also expressed concerns about the legality of President Trump 's direction to withhold assistance to Ukraine that Congress had already appropriated for this express purpose. Two OMB career officials, including one of its legal counsels, would resign, in part, over concerns regarding the hold.

By July 25, the date of President Trump 's call with President Zelensky, DOD was also receiving inquiries from Ukrainian officials about the status of the security assistance.
Nevertheless, President Trump continued to withhold the funding to Ukraine without explanation, against the interests of U.S. national security, and over the objections of these career experts.

The President Conditioned a White House Meeting on Investigations


By the time Ukrainian officials were first learning about an issue with the anticipated military assistance, the President 's hand-picked representatives to Ukraine had already informed their Ukrainian counterparts that President Zelensky 's coveted White House meeting would only happen after Ukraine committed to pursuing the two political investigations that President Trump and Mr. Giuliani demanded.


Ambassador Sondland was unequivocal in describing this conditionality, testifying," I know that members of this committee frequently frame these complicated issues in the form of a simple question: Was there a quid pro quo?
As I testified previously with regard to the requested White House call and the White House meeting, the answer is yes.'' Ambassadors Sondland and Volker worked to obtain the necessary assurance from President Zelensky that he would personally commit to initiate the investigations in order to secure both.

On July 2, in Toronto, Canada, Ambassador Volker conveyed the message directly to President Zelensky, specifically referencing the" Giuliani factor'' in President Zelensky 's engagement with the United States.
For his part, Mr. Giuliani made clear to Ambassadors Sondland and Volker, who were directly communicating with the Ukrainians, that a White House meeting would not occur until Ukraine announced its pursuit of the two political investigations. After observing Mr. Giuliani 's role in the ouster of a U.S. Ambassador and learning of his influence with the President, Ukrainian officials soon understood that" the key for many things is Rudi[ sic].''

On July 10, Ambassador Bolton hosted a meeting in the White House with two senior Ukrainian officials, several American officials, including Ambassadors Sondland and Volker, Secretary Perry, Dr. Fiona Hill, Senior Director for Europe and Russia at the NSC, and Lt. Col. Vindman.
As had become customary each time Ukrainian officials met with their American counterparts, the Ukrainians asked about the long-delayed White House meeting. Ambassador Bolton demurred, but Ambassador Sondland spoke up, revealing that he had worked out an arrangement with Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney to schedule the White House visit after Ukraine initiated the" investigations.'' Ambassador Bolton" stiffened'' and quickly ended the meeting.

Undaunted, Ambassador Sondland ushered many of the attendees to the Ward Room downstairs to continue their discussion.
In the second meeting, Ambassador Sondland explained that he had an agreement with Mr. Mulvaney that the White House visit would come only after Ukraine announced the Burisma/Biden and 2016 Ukraine election interference investigations. At this second meeting, both Lt. Col. Vindman and Dr. Hill objected to intertwining a" domestic political errand'' with official foreign policy, and they indicated that a White House meeting would have to go through proper channels.

Following these discussions, Dr. Hill reported back to Ambassador Bolton, who told her to" go and tell[ the NSC Legal Advisor] that I am not part of whatever drug deal Sondland and Mulvaney are cooking up on this.''
Both Dr. Hill and Lt. Col. Vindman separately reported the incident to the NSC Legal Advisor.

The President 's Agents Pursued a" Drug Deal''
Over the next two weeks, Ambassadors Sondland and Volker worked closely with Mr. Giuliani and senior Ukrainian and American officials to arrange a telephone call between President Trump and President Zelensky and to ensure that the Ukrainian President explicitly promised to undertake the political investigations required by President Trump to schedule the White House meeting. As Ambassador Sondland would later testify:" Mr. Giuliani was expressing the desires of the President of the United States, and we knew these investigations were important to the President.'' On July 19, Ambassador Volker had breakfast with Mr. Giuliani and his associate, Lev Parnas, at the Trump Hotel in Washington, D.C.. Mr. Parnas would subsequently be indicted for campaign finance violations as part of an investigation that remains ongoing. During the conversation, Ambassador Volker stressed his belief that the attacks being leveled publicly against Vice President Biden related to Ukraine were false and that the former Vice President was" a person of integrity.'' He counseled Mr. Giuliani that the Ukrainian prosecutor pushing the false narrative, Mr. Lutsenko, was promoting" a self-serving narrative to preserve himself in power.'' Mr. Giuliani agreed, but his promotion of Mr. Lutsenko 's false accusations for the benefit of President Trump did not cease. Ambassador Volker also offered to help arrange an inperson meeting between Mr. Giuliani and Andriy Yermak, one of President Zelensky 's most trusted advisors, which would later take place in Madrid, Spain in early August.

After the breakfast meeting at the Trump Hotel, Ambassador Volker reported back to Ambassadors Sondland and Taylor about his conversation with Mr. Giuliani, writing in a text message that," Most impt[ sic] is for Zelensky to say that he will help investigation-- and address any specific personnel issues-- if there are any,'' likely referencing President Zelensky 's decision to remove Mr. Lutsenko as prosecutor general, a decision with which Mr. Giuliani disagreed.
The same day, Ambassador Sondland spoke with President Zelensky and recommended that the Ukrainian leader tell President Trump that he" will leave no stone unturned'' regarding the political investigations during the upcoming presidential phone call.

Ambassador Sondland emailed several top Administration officials, including Secretary of State Pompeo, Acting Chief of Staff Mulvaney, and Secretary Perry, stating that President Zelensky confirmed that he would" assure'' President Trump that" he intends to run a fully transparent investigation and will` turn over every stone.
''' According to Ambassador Sondland, he was referring in the email to the Burisma/Biden and 2016 election interference investigations. Secretary Perry and Mr. Mulvaney responded affirmatively that the call would soon take place, and Ambassador Sondland testified later that" everyone was in the loop'' on plans to condition the White House meeting on the announcement of political investigations beneficial to President Trump. The arrangement troubled the Ukrainian President, who" did not want to be used as a pawn in a U.S. reelection campaign.''

The President Pressed President Zelensky to Do a Political Favor


On the morning of July 25, Ambassador Volker sent a text message to President Zelensky 's top aide, Mr. Yermak, less than 30 minutes before the presidential call.
He stated:" Heard from White House-- assuming President Z convinces trump he will investigate/` get to the bottom of what happened' in 2016, we will nail down date for visit to Washington. Good luck! '' Shortly before the call, Ambassador Sondland spoke directly with President Trump.

President Zelensky followed this advice during his conversation with President Trump.
President Zelensky assured that he would pursue the investigations that President Trump had discussed-- into the Bidens and 2016 election interference-- and, in turn, pressed for the White House meeting that remained outstanding.

The following day, Ambassadors Volker, Sondland, and Taylor met with President Zelensky in Kyiv.
The Ukrainian President told them that President Trump had mentioned" sensitive issues'' three times during the previous day 's phone call. Following the meeting with the Ukrainian leader, Ambassador Sondland had a private, one-on-one conversation with Mr. Yermak in which they discussed" the issue of investigations.'' He then retired to lunch at an outdoor restaurant terrace with State Department aides where he called President Trump directly from his cellphone. The White House confirmed that the conversation lasted five minutes.

At the outset of the call, President Trump asked Ambassador Sondland whether President Zelensky" was going to do the investigation'' that President Trump had raised with President Zelensky the day before.
Ambassador Sondland stated that President Zelensky was" going to do it'' and" would do anything you ask him to.'' According to David Holmes, the State Department aide sitting closest to Ambassador Sondland and who overheard the President 's voice on the phone, Ambassador Sondland and President Trump spoke only about the investigation in their discussion about Ukraine. The President made no mention of other major issues of importance in Ukraine, including President Zelensky 's aggressive anti-corruption reforms and the ongoing war it was fighting against Russian-led forces in eastern Ukraine.

After hanging up the phone, Ambassador Sondland explained to Mr. Holmes that President Trump" did not give a shit about Ukraine.''
Rather, the President cared only about" big stuff'' that benefited him personally, like" the Biden investigation that Mr. Giuliani was pitching,'' and that President Trump had pushed for in his July 25 call with the Ukrainian leader. Ambassador Sondland did not recall referencing Biden specifically, but he did not dispute Mr. Holmes ' recollection of the call with the President or Ambassador Sondland 's subsequent discussion with Mr. Holmes. T

he President 's Representatives Ratcheted up Pressure on the Ukrainian President


In the weeks following the July 25 call, the President 's hand-picked representatives increased the President 's pressure campaign on Ukrainian government officials-- in person, over the phone, and by text message-- to secure a public announcement of the investigations beneficial to President Trump 's reelection campaign.


In discussions with Ukrainian officials, Ambassador Sondland understood that President Trump did not require that Ukraine conduct investigations as a prerequisite for the White House meeting so much as publicly announce the investigations-- making clear that the goal was not the investigations, but the political benefit Trump would derive from their announcement and the cloud they might put over a political opponent.


On August 2, President Zelensky 's advisor, Mr. Yermak, traveled to Madrid to meet Mr. Giuliani in person.
There, they agreed that Ukraine would issue a public statement, and they discussed potential dates for a White House meeting. A few days later, Ambassador Volker told Mr. Giuliani that it" would be good'' if Mr. Giuliani would report to" the boss,'' President Trump, about" the results'' of his Madrid discussion so that President Trump would finally agree to a White House visit by President Zelensky.

On August 9, Ambassador Volker and Mr. Giuliani spoke twice by phone, and Ambassador Sondland spoke twice to the White House for a total of about 20 minutes.
In a text message to Ambassador Volker later that day, Ambassador Sondland wrote," I think potus[ sic] really wants the deliverable,'' which Ambassador Sondland acknowledged was the public statement announcing the two political investigations sought by President Trump and Mr. Giuliani.

The following day, Ambassador Sondland briefed State Department Counselor Ulrich Brechbuhl, a top advisor to Secretary Pompeo, on these discussions about President Zelensky issuing a statement that would include an announcement of the two political investigations.
Ambassador Sondland also emailed Secretary Pompeo directly, copying the State Department 's executive secretary and Mr. Brechbuhl, to inform them about the agreement for President Zelensky to give the press conference. He expected to see a draft of the statement, which would be" delivered for our review in a day or two.'' Ambassador Sondland noted his hope that the draft statement would" make the boss happy enough to authorize an invitation.''

On August 12, Mr. Yermak sent the proposed statement to Ambassador Volker, but it lacked specific references to the two investigations politically beneficial to President Trump 's reelection campaign.
The following morning, Ambassadors Sondland and Volker spoke with Mr. Giuliani, who made clear that if the statement" does n't say Burisma and 2016, it 's not credible.'' Ambassador Volker revised the statement following this direction to include those references and returned it to the Ukrainian President 's aide.

Mr. Yermak balked at getting drawn into U.S. politics and asked Ambassador Volker whether the United States had inquired about investigations through any appropriate Department of Justice channels.
The answer was no, and several witnesses testified that a request to a foreign country to investigate a U.S. citizen" for political reasons'' goes" against everything'' the United States sought to promote in eastern Europe, specifically the rule of law. Ambassador Volker eventually agreed with Mr. Yermak that the announcement of the Biden/Burisma and 2016 elections investigations would" look like it would play into our domestic politics,'' so the statement was temporarily" shelved.''

Nevertheless, Ambassador Sondland, in accordance with President Trump 's wishes, continued to pursue the statement into early September 2019.


Ukrainians Inquired about the President 's Hold on Security Assistance


Once President Trump placed security assistance on hold in July," it was inevitable that it was eventually going to come out.''
On July 25, DOD officials learned that diplomats at the Ukrainian Embassy in Washington had made multiple overtures to DOD and the State Department" asking about security assistance.'' Separately, two different contacts at the Ukrainian Embassy approached Ambassador Volker 's special advisor, Catherine Croft, to ask her in confidence about the hold. Ms. Croft was surprised at the effectiveness of their" diplomatic tradecraft,'' noting that they" found out very early on'' that the United States was withholding critical military aid to Ukraine. By mid-August, before the freeze on aid became public, Lt. Col. Vindman had also received inquiries from an official at the Ukrainian Embassy.

The hold remained in place throughout August against the unanimous judgment of American officials focused on Ukraine policy.
Without an explanation for the hold, which ran contrary to the recommendation of all relevant agencies, and with President Trump already conditioning a White House visit on the announcement of the political investigations, it became increasingly apparent to multiple witnesses that the military aid was also being withheld in exchange for the announcement of them. As both Ambassador Sondland and Mr. Holmes would later testify, it became as clear as" two plus two equals four.''

On August 22, Ambassador Sondland emailed Secretary Pompeo again, recommending a plan for a potential meeting between President Trump and President Zelensky in Warsaw, Poland on September 1.
Ambassador Sondland noted that President Zelensky should" look him in the eye'' and tell President Trump that once new prosecutorial officials were in place in Ukraine," Zelensky should be able to move forward publicly and with confidence on those issues of importance to Potus and the U.S.'' Ambassador Sondland testified that this was a reference to the political investigations that President Trump discussed on the July 25 call, which Secretary Pompeo had listened to. Ambassador Sondland hoped this would" break the logjam''-- the hold on critical security assistance to Ukraine. Secretary Pompeo replied three minutes later:" Yes.''

The President 's Security Assistance Hold Became Public


On August 28, Politico published a story revealing President Trump 's weeks-long hold on U.S. military assistance to Ukraine.
Senior Ukrainian officials expressed grave concern, deeply worried about the practical impact on their efforts to fight Russian aggression, but also about the public message it sent to the Russian government, which would almost certainly seek to exploit any real or perceived crack in U.S. resolve toward Ukraine.

On August 29, at the urging of National Security Advisor Bolton, Ambassador Taylor wrote a first-person cable to Secretary Pompeo.
This was the only first-person cable the Ambassador had ever sent in his decades of government service. He explained the" folly'' of withholding security assistance to Ukraine as it fought a hot war against Russia on its borders. He wrote that he" could not and would not defend such a policy.'' Ambassador Taylor stated that Secretary Pompeo may have carried the cable with him to a meeting at the White House.

The same day that Ambassador Taylor sent his cable, President Trump cancelled his planned trip to Warsaw for a World War II commemoration event, where he was scheduled to meet with President Zelensky.
Vice President Pence traveled in his place. Ambassador Sondland also traveled to Warsaw and, at a pre-briefing discussion with the Vice President before he met President Zelensky, Ambassador Sondland raised the issue of the hold on security assistance. He told Vice President Pence that he was concerned that the security assistance" had become tied to the issue of investigations'' and that" everything is being held up until these statements get made.'' Vice President Pence nodded in response, apparently expressing neither surprise nor dismay at the linkage between the two.

At the meeting, President Zelensky expressed concern that even an appearance of wavering support from the United States for Ukraine could embolden Russia.
Vice President Pence reiterated U.S. support for Ukraine, but could not promise that the hold would be lifted. Vice President Pence said he would relay his support for lifting the hold to President Trump so a decision could be made on security assistance as soon as possible. Vice President Pence spoke with President Trump that evening, but the hold was not lifted.

Following this meeting, Ambassador Sondland pulled aside President Zelensky 's advisor, Mr. Yermak, to explain that the hold on security assistance was conditioned on the public announcement of the Burisma/Biden and the 2016 election interference investigations.
After learning of the conversation, Ambassador Taylor texted Ambassador Sondland:" Are we now saying that security assistance and WH meeting are conditioned on investigations? ''

The two then spoke by phone.
Ambassador Sondland explained that he had previously made a" mistake'' in telling Ukrainian officials that only the White House meeting was conditioned on a public announcement of the political investigations beneficial to President Trump. He clarified that" everything''-- the White House meeting and hundreds of millions of dollars of security assistance to Ukraine-- was now conditioned on the announcement. President Trump wanted President Zelensky in a" public box,'' which Ambassador Taylor understood to mean that President Trump required that President Zelensky make a public announcement about the investigations and that a private commitment would not do.

On September 7, President Trump and Ambassador Sondland spoke.
Ambassador Sondland stated to his colleagues that the President said," there was no quid pro quo,'' but that President Zelensky would be required to announce the investigations in order for the hold on security assistance to be lifted," and he should want to do it.'' Ambassador Sondland passed on a similar message directly to President Zelensky and Mr. Yermak that," although this was not a quid pro quo, if President Zelensky did not clear things up in public, we would be at a stalemate,'' referring to the hold on security assistance. Arrangements were made for the Ukrainian President to make a public statement during an interview on CNN.

After speaking with Ambassador Sondland, Ambassador Taylor texted Ambassadors Sondland and Volker:" As I said on the phone, I think it 's crazy to withhold security assistance for help with a political campaign.''
Notwithstanding his long-held understanding that the White House meeting was conditioned on the public announcement of two political investigations desired by President Trump-- and not broader anti-corruption concerns-- Ambassador Sondland responded hours later:

Bill, I believe you are incorrect about President Trump 's intentions.
The President has been crystal clear: no quid pro quo 's of any kind. The President is trying to evaluate whether Ukraine is truly going to adopt the transparency and reforms that President Zelensky promised during his campaign. I suggest we stop the back and forth by text. If you still have concerns, I recommend you give Lisa Kenna or[ Secretary Pompeo] a call to discuss with them directly. Thanks.

Ambassador Sondland 's subsequent testimony revealed this text to be a false exculpatory-- an untruthful statement that can later be used to conceal incriminating information.
In his public testimony, Ambassador Sondland testified that the President 's direction to withhold a presidential telephone call and a White House meeting for President Zelensky were both quid pro quos designed to pressure Ukraine to announce the investigations. He also testified that he developed a clear understanding that the military aid was also conditioned on the investigations, that it was as simple as 2 +2 = 4. Sondland confirmed that his clear understanding was unchanged after speaking with President Trump, which he then communicated to the Ukrainians-- President Zelensky had to publicly announce the two investigations if he wanted to get the meeting or the military aid.

In Ambassador Sondland 's testimony, he was not clear on whether he had one conversation with the President in which the subject of a quid pro quo came up, or two, or on precisely which date the conversation took place during the period of September 6 through 9.
In one version of the conversation, which Ambassador Sondland suggested may have taken place on September 9, he claimed that the President answered an open question about what he wanted from Ukraine with an immediate denial--" no quid pro quo.'' In another, he admitted that the President told him that President Zelensky should go to a microphone and announce the investigations, and that he should want to do so-- effectively confirming a quid pro quo. Both Ambassador Taylor and Mr. Morrison, relying on their contemporaneous notes, testified that the call between Ambassador Sondland and President Trump occurred on September 7, which is further confirmed by Ambassador Sondland 's own text message on September 8, in which he wrote that he had" multiple convos'' with President Zelensky and President Trump. A call on September 9, which would have occurred in the middle of the night, is at odds with the weight of the evidence and not backed up by any records the White House was willing to provide Ambassador Sondland. Regardless of the date, Ambassador Sondland did not contest telling both Mr. Morrison and Ambassador Taylor of a conversation he had with the President in which the President reaffirmed Ambassador Sondland 's understanding of the quid pro quo for the military aid. As Ambassador Sondland acknowledged bluntly in his conversation with Mr. Holmes, President Trump 's sole interest with respect to Ukraine was the" big stuff'' that benefited him personally, such as the investigations into former Vice President Biden, and not President Zelensky 's promises of transparency and reform.

The President 's Scheme Unraveled
By early September, President Zelensky was ready to make a public announcement of the two investigations to secure a White House meeting and the military assistance his country desperately needed. He proceeded to book an interview on CNN, during which he could make such an announcement, but other events soon intervened.

On September 9, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Committees on Oversight and Reform, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs announced an investigation into the scheme by President Trump and his personal attorney, Mr. Giuliani," to improperly pressure the Ukrainian government to assist the President 's bid for reelection.''
The Committees sent document production and preservation requests to the White House and the State Department related to the investigation. NSC staff members believed this investigation might have had" the effect of releasing the hold'' on Ukraine military assistance because it would have been" potentially politically challenging'' to" justify that hold.''

Later that day, the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community( ICIG) sent a letter to Chairman Schiff and Ranking Member Nunes notifying the Committee that a whistleblower had filed a complaint on August 12 that the ICIG had determined to be both an" urgent concern'' and" credible.''
Nevertheless, the Acting Director of National Intelligence( DNI) took the unprecedented step of withholding the complaint from the Congressional Intelligence Committees, in coordination with the White House and the Department of Justice.

The White House had been aware of the whistleblower complaint for several weeks, and press reports indicate that the President was briefed on it in late August.
The ICIG 's notification to Congress of the complaint 's existence, and the announcement of a separate investigation into the same subject matter, telegraphed to the White House that attempts to condition the security assistance on the announcement of the political investigations beneficial to President Trump-- and efforts to cover up that misconduct-- would not last.

On September 11, in the face of growing public and Congressional scrutiny, President Trump lifted the hold on security assistance to Ukraine.
As with the implementation of the hold, no clear reason was given. By the time the President ordered the release of security assistance to Ukraine, DOD was unable to spend approximately 14 percent of the funds appropriated by Congress for Fiscal Year 2019. Congress had to pass a new law to extend the funding in order to ensure the full amount could be used by Ukraine to defend itself.

Even after the hold was lifted, President Zelensky still intended to sit for an interview with CNN in order to announce the investigations-- indeed, he still wanted the White House meeting.
At the urging of Ambassador Taylor, President Zelensky cancelled the CNN interview on September 18 or 19. The White House meeting, however, still has not occurred.

The President 's Chief of Staff Confirmed Aid was Conditioned on Investigations


The conditioning of military aid to Ukraine on the investigations sought by the President was as clear to Ambassador Sondland as" two plus two equals four.''
In fact, the President 's own Acting Chief of Staff, someone who meets with him daily, admitted that he had discussed security assistance with the President and that his decision to withhold it was directly tied to his desire to get Ukraine to conduct a political investigation.

On October 17, at a press briefing in the White House, Acting Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney confirmed that President Trump withheld the essential military aid for Ukraine as leverage to pressure Ukraine to investigate the conspiracy theory that Ukraine had interfered in the 2016 U.S. election.
As Dr. Hill made clear in her testimony, this false narrative has been promoted by President Putin to deflect away from Russia 's systemic interference in our election and to drive a wedge between the United States and a key partner.

According to Mr. Mulvaney, President Trump"[ a] bsolutely'' mentioned" corruption related to the DNC server'' in connection with the security assistance during his July 25 call.
Mr. Mulvaney also stated that the server was part of" why we held up the money.'' After a reporter attempted to clarify this explicit acknowledgement of a quid pro quo, Mr. Mulvaney replied:" We do that all the time with foreign policy.'' He added," I have news for everybody: get over it. There is going to be political influence in foreign policy.''

Ambassador Taylor testified that in his decades of military and diplomatic service, he had never seen another example of foreign aid conditioned on the personal or political interests of the President.
Rather," we condition assistance on issues that will improve our foreign policy, serve our foreign policy, ensure that taxpayers ' money is well-spent,'' not specific investigations designed to benefit the political interests of the President of the United States.

In contrast, President Trump does not appear to believe there is any such limitation on his power to use White House meetings, military aid or other official acts to procure foreign help in his reelection.
When asked by a reporter on October 3 what he had hoped President Zelensky would do following their July 25 call, President Trump responded:" Well, I would think that, if they were honest about it, they 'd start a major investigation into the Bidens. It 's a very simple answer.''
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